Background : Bipolar disorder (BP) is often associated with altered functioning of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis by chronic stress. In comparison. psychosocial stress-induced activation of salivary alpha-amylase (sAA) functions as a marker of sympathoadrenal medullary system (SAM) activity. However. https://cuttingedgecutleryco.shop/product-category/grappling-hook/