Abstract Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) is a highly conserved multifunctional enzyme. and its catalytic activity is stimulated by DNA breaks. The activation of PARP-1 and subsequent depletion of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) contributes to significant cytotoxicity in inflammation of various etiologies. On the contrary. https://parisnaturalfoodes.shop/product-category/acetyl-l-carnitine-2/